Graduate medical education is a central mission of the school, with training offered in virtually all fields of medicine. Residents and fellows develop clinical skills and professional competencies through inpatient, outpatient, continuity care, and ambulatory experiences led primarily from University Hospital and its associated clinics, with additional participating sites nearby.

Programs are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and recruit through the Electronic Residency Application Service and the national resident matching service, spanning primary care, hospital-based, and surgical disciplines. The audience is physicians continuing from medical school into residency and fellowship training.